Longfellow House–Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site

Longfellow House–Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site
IUCN Category V (Protected Landscape/Seascape)

The Longfellow House
Location Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
Nearest city Cambridge, MA
Area 2 acres (8,093 m2)
Established October 9, 1972
Visitors 36,660 (in 2005)
Governing body National Park Service

The Longfellow House–Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site, also known as the Vassall-Craigie-Longfellow House and, until December 2010, Longfellow National Historic Site, is a historic site located at 105 Brattle Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts. For almost fifty years, it was the home of noted American poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. For a time, it had previously served as the headquarters of George Washington.

The house was built in 1759 for John Vassall, who fled the Cambridge area at the beginning of the American Revolutionary War because of his loyalty to the king of England. George Washington used the abandoned home as his first official headquarters as commander of the Continental Army; the home served as his base of operations during the Siege of Boston until he moved out in July 1776. Andrew Craigie, Washington's Apothecary General, was the next person to own the home for a significant period of time. After purchasing the house in 1791, he instigated the home's only major addition. Craigie's financial situation at the time of his death in 1819 forced his widow Elizabeth Craigie to take in boarders. It was as a boarder that Henry Wadsworth Longfellow came into the home. He became its owner in 1843, when his father-in-law Nathan Appleton purchased it as a wedding gift. He lived in the home until his death in 1882.

The last family to live in the home was the Longfellow family, who established the Longfellow Trust in 1913 for its preservation. In 1972, the home and all of its furnishings was donated to, and was made part of the National Park Service. The home, which represents the mid-Georgian architectural style, is seasonally open to the public.

Contents

History

Early history

The original house was built in 1759 for Loyalist John Vassall[1] who inherited the land along what was called the King's Highway in Cambridge when he was 21. He demolished the structure that had stood there and built a new mansion.[2] The home became his summer residence with his wife Elizabeth (Oliver) and children until 1774. His wife's brother was Thomas Oliver, then royal lieutenant governor of Massachusetts.[2] On the eve of the American Revolution in September 1774, they fled Boston.[3]

In the days after the Battles of Lexington and Concord, the home was used as a temporary hospital.[2] Colonel John Glover and the Marblehead Regiment occupied the house as their temporary barracks in June 1775,[4] followed by General George Washington, Commander-in-Chief of the newly-formed Continental Army. Washington used the home as his headquarters and home while he planned the Siege of Boston between July 1775 and April 1776;[5] he found the view of the Charles River particularly useful for that purpose. Originally, Washington had used the home of Samuel Langdon in Cambridge but decided he needed more space for his staff.[6] The home was shared with several aide-de-camps, including colonel Robert H. Harrison.[7] During his time there, Washington was visited by John Adams and Abigail Adams, Benedict Arnold, Henry Knox, and Nathaniel Greene.[5] In his study, Washington also confronted Dr. Benjamin Church with evidence that he was a spy.[8] It was in this house that Washington received a poem written by Phillis Wheatley, the first published African-American poet. "If you should ever come to Cambridge", he wrote to her, "I shall be happy to see a person so favored by the Muses".[9]

Martha Washington joined her husband in December 1775 and stayed until March 1776.[3] She brought with her Washington's nephew George Lewis as well as her son John Parke Custis and his wife Eleanor Calvert.[7] On Twelfth Night in January 1776, the couple celebrated their wedding anniversary in the home.[4] Mrs. Washington reported to a friend that "some days we have [heard] a number of cannon and shells from Boston and Bunkers Hill".[5] She used the front parlor as her personal reception room, still furnished with the English-made furniture left behind by the Vassalls.[10] The Washingtons also had several servants, including a tailor named Giles Alexander, and several slaves including "Billy" Lee.[7] They also entertained very often. Surviving household accounts show that the family purchased large quantities of beef, lamb, wild ducks, geese, fresh fish, plums, peaches, barrels of cider, gallons of brandy and rum,[11] and 217 bottles of Madeira wine purchased in a two-week period.[12]

Washington left the house in April 1776.[13] Nathaniel Tracy, who had made a great fortune as one of the earliest and most successful privateers under Washington, owned the house from 1781 to 1786. He then went bankrupt and sold the house to Thomas Russell, a wealthy Boston merchant, who in turn occupied it until 1791.

Craigie family and boarders

Andrew Craigie bought the house in 1791; Craigie had been the first Apothecary General of the American army.[14] In his ballroom, Craigie hosted Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the father of Queen Victoria.[15] While living in the home, he married the daughter of a Nantucket clergyman, 22-year old Elizabeth Craigie, 17 years her elder.[4] Craigie overspent in trying to restore the home[13] and, when he died in 1819, he left his wife Elizabeth in great debt; Mrs. Craigie took in boarders to support herself,[16] most often people connected to nearby Harvard University.[12] Short-term residents of the home included Jared Sparks, Edward Everett, and Joseph Emerson Worcester.[17]

Longfellow moved to Cambridge to take a job at Harvard College as Smith Professor of Modern Languages and of Belles Lettres.[18] A friend, Cornelius Conway Felton, recommended that Longfellow rent a room on the third floor of the home of a Professor Stearns on Kirkland Street; Longfellow stayed there for the 1836–1837 academic year.[1] Beginning in the summer of 1837, he rented rooms on the east side of the second floor of the home on Brattle Street, now owned by Elizabeth Craigie.[15] At first, Mrs. Craigie thought he was a student at Harvard and refused to rent to him until he convinced her that he was a professor as well as the author of the book she was reading, Outre-Mer.[19]

Longfellow's new landlady had earned a reputation for being eccentric[16] and often wore a turban. In the 1840s, Longfellow wrote about an incident when canker-worms were devastating the elm trees on the property. Mrs. Craigie "would sit by the open window and let them crawl over her white turban. She refused to have the trees protected against them & said, Why, sir, they have as good a right to live as we—they are our fellow worms".[13] The maid at the time, a woman named Miriam, served Longfellow his meals in his room. Longfellow called her "the giantess".[20]

The rooms Longfellow rented were the rooms once used personally by George Washington while it was his headquarters.[5] He proudly wrote to his friend George Washington Greene: "I live in a great house which looks like an Italian villa: have two large rooms opening into each other. They were once Gen. Washington's chambers".[13]

The first major works Longfellow composed in the home were Hyperion, a prose romance likely inspired by his pursuit for the affections of Frances Appleton, and Voices of the Night, a poetry collection which included "A Psalm of Life".[16] 20th-century literary scholar Edward Wagenknecht notes that it was these early years at the Craigie House which marked "the real beginning of Longfellow's literary career".[21] His landlady, Elizabeth Craigie, died in 1841.[22]

Longfellow family

After Elizabeth Craigie's death, the entire property was leased by Joseph Emerson Worcester from her heirs; he in turn rented the eastern half of the house to Longfellow.[23] In 1843, the house was purchased by Nathan Appleton, who gave the house to Longfellow as a wedding gift when Longfellow married Nathan's daughter Frances.[24] He paid $10,000 for the home.[23] Frances wrote to her brother Thomas Gold Appleton on August 30, 1843: "We have decided to let Father purchase this grand old mansion",[25] especially after Longfellow's friend George Washington Greene reminded them "how noble an inheritance this is — where Washington dwelt in every room".[25] Longfellow was proud of the connection to Washington and in 1844 purchased a bust of the home's former occupant, a copy of the sculpture by Jean-Antoine Houdon.[26] Worcester and his wife became tenants under Longfellow in the western half of the house until their new home a few doors down was completed that spring.[27] Mrs. Longfellow wrote on May 5, 1844, "Worcester family left us in complete possession [of the house], with rooms nicely cleaned, and uncarpeted stairs and entries".[28]

Nathan Appleton also purchased the land across the street, as Longfellow's mother wrote, "so that their view of the River Charles may not be intercepted".[29] In all, Longfellow's gift included nine acres of land.[30]

Longfellow lived in the house for the next four decades, producing many of his most famous poems including "Paul Revere's Ride" and "The Village Blacksmith",[31] as well as longer works such as Evangeline, The Song of Hiawatha, and The Courtship of Miles Standish.[22] In all, while living in this house, Longfellow published eleven poetry collections, two novels, three epic poems, and several plays as well as a translation of Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy.[32] Even as the poet's popularity increased, Longfellow and his wife most often referred to the home as "Craigie House" or "Craigie Castle".[33]

Longfellow oversaw the creation of a formal garden and his wife oversaw decorating the interior.[34] Mrs. Longfellow purchased several items from Tiffany's in New York as well as $350 worth of carpets.[35] They installed central heating in 1850 and gaslight in 1853.[34] During their time in the house, the Longfellows hosted famous artists, writers, politicians and other luminaries who were attracted to Longfellow's hospitality and fame. Specific visitors included Charles Dickens, William Makepeace Thackeray, singer Jenny Lind, and actress Fanny Kemble.[36] Dom Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil also visited the house privately and requested the company of Longfellow, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr., and James Russell Lowell.[37] Mr. and Mrs. Longfellow also raised their three daughters and two sons in the home.[15] Longfellow and his wife stayed in the home until their respective deaths but spent their summers after 1850 in Nahant, Massachusetts.[38]

Longfellow often wrote in his first-floor study, formerly Washington's office, surrounded by portraits of his friends, including charcoal portraits by Eastman Johnson of Charles Sumner, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Cornelius Conway Felton. Longfellow would write either at the center table, at the desk, or in the armchair by the fire.[36]

Fanny Longfellow died in the home in July 1861 after her dress accidentally caught fire; her husband attempted to quell the flames, managing to keep her face from burning.[39] Longfellow himself was burned on his own face and was scarred badly enough that he began growing a beard to hide it.[40]

Preservation and current use

Longfellow died in 1882 and his daughter Alice Longfellow was the last of his children to live in the home. In 1913, the surviving Longfellow children established the Longfellow House Trust to preserve the home as well as its view to the Charles River.[41] Their intention was to preserve the home as a memorial to Longfellow and Washington and to showcase the property as a "prime example of Georgian architecture".

In 1962, the trust successfully lobbied for the house to become a national historic landmark. In 1972, the Trust donated the property to the National Park Service and it became the Longfellow National Historic Site and open to the public as a house museum.[12] On display are many of the original nineteenth century furnishings, artwork, over 10,000 books owned by Longfellow, and the dining table around which many important visitors gathered.[42] Everything on display was owned by the Longfellow family. The site was renamed to Longfellow House–Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site on December 22, 2010, to ensure that the connection to Washington was not lost in the memory of the general public.

The site also possesses some 750,000 original documents relevant to the former occupants of the home.[43] These archives are open to scholarly research by appointment.

Across the street from the Longfellow House–Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site is the municipal park known as Longfellow Park.[41] In the middle sits a memorial by sculptor Daniel Chester French dedicated in 1914. In addition to a bust of the poet, a carved bas-relief by Henry Bacon depicts the famous characters Miles Standish, Sandalphon, the village blacksmith, the Spanish student, Evangeline, and Hiawatha.[42]

Architecture and landscape

The structure of the original house was built in the Georgian architectural style.[1] The pair of large pilasters that frame the facade expressed John Vassall's aristocratic background.[2] In 1791, Andrew Craigie added the two side piazzas and the two-story back ell and also expanded the library into a twenty by thirty foot ballroom with its own entrance.[14] During the Longfellow family's time in the home, very few structural changes were made. As Frances Longfellow wrote, "we are full of plans & projects with no desire, however, to change a feature of the old countenance which Washington has rendered sacred".[12]

The Longfellow House–Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site is noted for its garden on the northeast end of the property. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow oversaw the creation of the original garden, shaped as a lyre, shortly after his wedding.[34] In 1845, he began refurbishing the garden in earnest and imported trees from England with help from Asa Gray. These trees included "a number of evergreens, among them a cedar of Lebanon and pines from the Himalayas, Norway, Switzerland and Oregon".[44] The lyre shape proved impractical and a new design was made with the help of a landscape architect named Richard Dolben in 1847. The new design was a square surrounding a circle that was cut into four tear-shaped garden beds outlined by trimmed boxwood. Mrs. Longfellow referred to the shape as a "Persian rug".[45]

After her father's death in 1882, Alice Longfellow commissioned two of America's first female landscape architects, Martha Brookes Hutcheson and Ellen Biddle Shipman, to redesign the formal garden in the Colonial Revival style. The garden was recently restored by an organization called Friends of the Longfellow House, which completed the final stage of its reconstruction, the historic pergola, in 2008.

Replicas

For a time, Longfellow's home was one of the most photographed and most recognizable homes in the United States. In the early twentieth century Sears, Roebuck and Company sold scaled-down blueprints of the home so that anyone could build their own version of Longfellow's home.[46] Several replicas of Longfellow's home appear throughout the United States. One replica, simply called Longfellow House, still exists in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Originally built by businessman Robert "Fish" Jones, it currently serves as an information center for the Minneapolis Park System and is on the Grand Rounds Scenic Byway.

See also


References

  1. ^ a b c Calhoun, Charles C. Longfellow: A Rediscovered Life. Boston: Beacon Press, 2004: 124. ISBN 0807070262.
  2. ^ a b c d Howard, Hugh. Houses of the Founding Fathers. New York: Artisan, 2007: 84. ISBN 978-1-57965-275-3
  3. ^ a b Levine, Miriam. A Guide to Writers' Homes in New England. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Apple-wood Press, 1984: 124. ISBN 0-918222-51-6
  4. ^ a b c Harris, John. Historic Walks in Cambridge. Chester, Connecticut: The Globe Pequot Press, 1986: 208. ISBN 0-87106-899-0
  5. ^ a b c d Calhoun, Charles C. Longfellow: A Rediscovered Life. Boston: Beacon Press, 2004: 125. ISBN 0807070262.
  6. ^ McCullough, David. 1776. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005: 41. ISBN 0-7432-267-2
  7. ^ a b c Howard, Hugh. Houses of the Founding Fathers. New York: Artisan, 2007: 85. ISBN 978-1-57965-275-3
  8. ^ Howard, Hugh. Houses of the Founding Fathers. New York: Artisan, 2007: 87. ISBN 978-1-57965-275-3
  9. ^ Howard, Hugh. Houses of the Founding Fathers. New York: Artisan, 2007: 91. ISBN 978-1-57965-275-3
  10. ^ Howard, Hugh. Houses of the Founding Fathers. New York: Artisan, 2007: 86. ISBN 978-1-57965-275-3
  11. ^ McCullough, David. 1776. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005: 42. ISBN 0-7432-267-2
  12. ^ a b c d Howard, Hugh. Houses of the Founding Fathers. New York: Artisan, 2007: 89. ISBN 978-1-57965-275-3
  13. ^ a b c d Calhoun, Charles C. Longfellow: A Rediscovered Life. Boston: Beacon Press, 2004: 126. ISBN 0807070262.
  14. ^ a b Levine, Miriam. A Guide to Writers' Homes in New England. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Apple-wood Press, 1984: 124–125. ISBN 0-918222-51-6
  15. ^ a b c Harris, John. Historic Walks in Cambridge. Chester, Connecticut: The Globe Pequot Press, 1986: 209. ISBN 0-87106-899-0
  16. ^ a b c Wagenknecht, Edward. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: Portrait of an American Humanist. New York: Oxford University Press, 1966: 7
  17. ^ Brooks, Van Wyck. The Flowering of New England. New York: E. P. Dutton and Company, Inc., 1952: 153
  18. ^ Williams, Cecil B. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc., 1964: 72–73
  19. ^ Wagenknecht, Edward. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: Portrait of an American Humanist. New York: Oxford University Press, 1966: 6–7
  20. ^ Thompson, Lawrance. Young Longfellow (1807–1843). New York: The Macmillan Company, 1938: 251.
  21. ^ Wagenknecht, Edward. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: Portrait of an American Humanist. New York: Oxford University Press, 1966: 8
  22. ^ a b Ehrlich, Eugene and Gorton Carruth. The Oxford Illustrated Literary Guide to the United States. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982: 39. ISBN 0-19-503186-5
  23. ^ a b Calhoun, Charles C. Longfellow: A Rediscovered Life. Boston: Beacon Press, 2004: 167. ISBN 0807070262.
  24. ^ Wilson, Susan. Literary Trail of Greater Boston. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2000: 109. ISBN 0-618-05013-2
  25. ^ a b Tharp, Louise Hall. The Appletons of Beacon Hill. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1973: 239.
  26. ^ Howard, Hugh. Houses of the Founding Fathers. New York: Artisan, 2007: 90. ISBN 978-1-57965-275-3
  27. ^ Calhoun, Charles C. Longfellow: A Rediscovered Life. Boston: Beacon Press, 2004: 167–168. ISBN 0807070262.
  28. ^ Tharp, Louise Hall. The Appletons of Beacon Hill. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1973: 244.
  29. ^ Tharp, Louise Hall. The Appletons of Beacon Hill. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1973: 240.
  30. ^ Leighton, Ann. American Gardens of the Nineteenth Century. Amherst: The University of Massachusetts Press, 1987: 222. ISBN 0-87023-533-8.
  31. ^ Haas, Irvin. Historic Homes of American Authors. Washington, DC: The Preservation Press, 1991: 93. ISBN 0891331808.
  32. ^ Irmscher, Christoph. Longfellow Redux. University of Illinois, 2008: 8. ISBN 9780252030635.
  33. ^ Tharp, Louise Hall. The Appletons of Beacon Hill. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1973: 245.
  34. ^ a b c Levine, Miriam. A Guide to Writers' Homes in New England. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Apple-wood Press, 1984: 125. ISBN 0-918222-51-6
  35. ^ Tharp, Louise Hall. The Appletons of Beacon Hill. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1973: 242.
  36. ^ a b Levine, Miriam. A Guide to Writers' Homes in New England. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Apple-wood Press, 1984: 126. ISBN 0-918222-51-6
  37. ^ Arvin, Newton. Longfellow: His Life and Work. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1963: 145.
  38. ^ Calhoun, Charles C. Longfellow: A Rediscovered Life. Boston: Beacon Press, 2004: 170. ISBN 0807070262.
  39. ^ Levine, Miriam. A Guide to Writers' Homes in New England. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Apple-wood Press, 1984: 127. ISBN 0-918222-51-6
  40. ^ Wilson, Susan. Literary Trail of Greater Boston. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2000: 110. ISBN 0-618-05013-2
  41. ^ a b Harris, John. Historic Walks in Cambridge. Chester, Connecticut: The Globe Pequot Press, 1986: 210. ISBN 0-87106-899-0
  42. ^ a b Wilson, Susan. Literary Trail of Greater Boston. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2000: 111. ISBN 0-618-05013-2
  43. ^ Longfellow National Historic Site Archives, accessed July 10, 2008
  44. ^ Leighton, Ann. American Gardens of the Nineteenth Century. Amherst: The University of Massachusetts Press, 1987: 223. ISBN 0-87023-533-8.
  45. ^ Leighton, Ann. American Gardens of the Nineteenth Century. Amherst: The University of Massachusetts Press, 1987: 224. ISBN 0-87023-533-8.
  46. ^ Calhoun, Charles C. Longfellow: A Rediscovered Life. Boston: Beacon Press, 2004: 245. ISBN 0807070262.

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